Long Question and Answer Of Chapter 2 Making of Pakistan - Free Online Pak Studies Class 9 Notes
In this post, we have shared the Long Question and Answer of Chapter 2 Making of Pakistan - free online Pak Studies Notes for class 9
Q1. Outline the main features of two nation theory.
Ans. TWO-NATION THEORY: Two nation theory means, Hindus and Muslims are two separate Nations. This theory was introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in the decade of 1860. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a great reformer and political leader of Muslims of united India. After the war of independence in 1857, when Muslims were in great trouble and British Government was against the Muslims, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan used the word "Nation" first time for the Muslims and gave the two-nation theory. Quaid-e-Azam, Allama Iqbal and other political leaders agreed with the two-nation theory. Pakistan came into being under the two-nation theory.
SIR SYED AHMED KHAN AND TWO-NATION THEORY: He was a great Muslim leader. He
is the founder of Two Nation Theory. He used the term "Nation" first time for the Muslims of United India and advised them to avoid Congress to protect their civilization, culture and Islamic values.
QUAID-E-AZAM AND TWO-NATION THEORY: He was a staunch believer in two nation theory and considered the Muslims a separate and distinct nation.
He said,
"Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the fold of Islam."
He further said:
"The Muslims are a nation by every definition of the word Nation. They have every right to establish their separate homeland. They can adopt any means to promote and protect their economic, social, political and cultural interest."
In 1946, addressing a gathering at Islamia College Peshawar, he said:
"We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we wanted a laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic principles."
ALLAMA IQBAL AND TWO-NATION THEORY: He was a great leader of the Muslims of South Asia. He was also a great poet. He delivered an excellent speech at Allahabad in 1930 at the annual meeting of the Muslim League. In his speech, he demanded first time a separate homeland for the Muslims of South Asia to practice Islam. He also agreed with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's two-nation theory.
CHAUDHRY REHMAT ALI AND TWO-NATION THEORY: Chaudhry Rehmat Ali was a great Muslim leader. He established Muslim League in England. He was greatly impressed by t Syed Ahmed Khan's Two Nation Theory. He used the first time word Pakistan in a pamphlet named "Now or Never". Later, the same name was given to the first Muslim state of United India.
TWO-NATION THEORY AND OTHER MUSLIM LEADERS: Like Allama Iqbal and Quaid- e-Azam, a number of Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali Jauhar and others also declared that Muslims are a separate nation.
IMPORTANCE OF TWO-NATION THEORY: Two nation theory has great significance in the history of Pakistan because the whole struggle of Pakistan was launched under this theory. Pakistan is an ideological state which came into being under the two-nation theory.
Q2. What were the main features of the "Faraizi Movement"?
Ans. INTRODUCTION: The Muslim Sufis and mystics spread the light of Islam in Bengal in the 13th and 14th centuries. In the beginning, Bengal was very much receptive to the call of Islam but thereafter there had been a strong Hindu revival that converted many areas to Hinduism and also made its impact on Muslim society.
FARAIZI MOVEMENT: In 1820, Haji Shariatullah started the "Faraizi Movement" in Bengal. He stressed the need to act upon Islamic injunctions. He called the Islamic injunctions as Faraiz (obligation); therefore his preaching of Islamic principles to reform Muslims is called the "Faraizi Movement".
HAJI SHARIATULLAH: Haji Shariatullah began his reform movement known as Faraizi
Movement in the centre of Bengal. This movement was started as a reaction to the anti-Muslim policy of the British. The Faraizi Movement emphasized the performing of Faraiz, religious duties imposed by God and his Prophet (P.B.U.H) the followers of Haji Shariatullah are known as "Faraizis".
OBJECTIVES OF FARAIZI MOVEMENT: There are basically three objectives of Faraizi
Movement:
1. To eliminate un-Islamic customs and traditions.
2. To enhance self-confidence in Bengali Muslims.
3. To protect the rights of Muslim tenants.
1. To Eliminate UnIslamic Customs and Traditions: When Haji Shariatullah returned to his native country in 1820, he was shocked to see the deplorable state of religion among his countrymen. It was the basic objective of the "Faraizi Movement" to eliminate the unIslamic customs and traditions which prevailed among the Bengali Muslims and helped to bring the Muslims on the right path of Islamic teachings.
2. To Enhance Self-Confidence In Bengali Muslims: Haji Shariatullah realized that Muslims of Bengal had lost their status due to the influence of Non-Muslim powers. So it was the basic objective of this movement to decrease these influences and increase self-confidence and create self-respect in Muslims.
3. To Protect the Rights Of Muslim Tenants: Another objective of the Faraizi Movement was to organize Muslim tenants of Bengal against the high-handedness of Hindu lords and to get rid of the persecution of Hindu Landlords.
MUHAMMAD MOHSIN ALIAS DADU MIAN: Haji Shariatullah died in 1840. After his death, his son Muhammad Mohsin became the leader of the "Faraizi Movement" and made it more effective.
RESULT OF FARAIZI MOVEMENT: The Faraizi Movement of Haji Shariatullah injected a great deal of confidence among the Muslim masses who were awakened from their slumber. It infused the spirit among Muslim peasants who got together for the protection of their rights. Haji Shariatullah became the centre of a great spiritual revival of Muslims and laid the foundation for his successors to continue their struggle.
Q3. Mention the role of Shah Waliullah in the revivalist movement.
Ans. SHAH WALIULLAH: Shah Waliullah's name was "Qutubuddin" but because of his spiritual virtues he was called "Waliullah". He was born in a village near Delhi on 21 February 1703. His father, Shah Abdul Rahim was a well-known scholar and a religious leader. At the age of 15, he mastered the major branches of Islamic learning. He succeeded his father as the Sheikh of the Madrassah when he was just 17.
MOVEMENT OF SHAH WALIULLAH: Soon after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir in March 1707, a wave of religious and moral degradation swept the Muslims of the sub-continent.
Shah Waliullah realized that if Muslims did not abide by Islam, they would gradually lose their status. In these conditions, he planned to revive Islamic teachings and values in the sub-continent.
OBJECTIVES OF MOVEMENT OF SHAH WALIULLAH: Following are the basic objectives of his movement:
1. To decrease the influence of Non-Muslims on Muslim society.
2. To strengthen the Muslim's military power which had collapsed after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb. 3. To eliminate dominations of Jats and Marathas, as Muslims were at their mercy.
RELIGIOUS REFORMATION: Shah Waliullah was extremely perturbed about the religious and social problems facing the Muslim community. He quickly understood that there was a dire need for the moral regeneration of the Muslim community. In his time, the Muslims generally were not conversant with the Arabic language. He, therefore, translated the Holy Quran into simple Persian language which was the language of his days. He adopted a balanced approach towards religious matters by removing misunderstanding and hostility between Shias and Sunnis.
POLITICAL SERVICES: After the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, the political unity and stability of Muslims began to show signs of decadence. The Mughal Empire began to crack and crumble as it falls into the hands of the most incapable successors. The Mughal rulers were no more in a position to withhold the supremacy of the Muslim rule which was gravely jeopardized by the emergence of Sikhs, Marathas and other Non-Muslim forces. Shah Waliullah came forward to tackle this precarious situation.
LETTERS TO HIGH AUTHORITIES: Shah Waliullah wrote letters to the Mughal Emperor, the Nizam of Hyderabad Deccan, Rohila Sardar, Hafizul Mulk and Najibuddaula. He warned them about the declining state of Muslim society in the sub-continent.
LETTER TO AFGHAN RULER AHMED SHAH ABDALI: Shah Waliullah also wrote to the ruler of Afghanistan Ahmed Shah Abdali to save the Muslims of India from the atrocities of Marathas. On his call, Ahmed Shah Abdali attacked the Marathas.
BATTLE OF PANIPAT: In 1761, Ahmed Shah Abdali inflicted a crushing defeat on the Marathas at the third battle of Panipat, from which the Marathas never recovered.
TRANSLATION OF THE HOLY QURAN: Shah Waliullah's meritorious work was the Persian translation of the Holy Quran. This helped the people in understanding the sayings of the Quran. Later it was translated into Urdu by his sons and others.
HUJJAT-UL-LA-HUL-BALIGHA: He wrote many books on Hadith, Fiqh and Tafseer. The most popular among these is his famous work Hujjat-Ul-La-Hul-Baligha. The message of this work is that Islam is the universal religion. Shah Waliullah died on 10th August 1762. His son and successor Shah Abdul Aziz continued his mission at "Madrassah Rahimiya" in Delhi.
Q4. Describe the struggle of Syed Ahmed Shaheed in eliminating the social evils from the Punjab and N.W.F.P.
Ans. INTRODUCTION: After the death of Shah Waliullah, his mission was continued by his great follower Syed Ahmed Shaheed. He played a prominent role in South Asia to spread Islam. He struggled against the evil forces in Punjab &N.W.F.P. He and his companions worked very hard to establish an Islamic state in the sub-continent through his movement called "Tehreek-e- Mujahideen" (the struggle of freedom fighters)
SYED AHMED SHAHEED: He was born in Rai Bareilly in 1786. He received a nominal education in the beginning because he was much inclined towards military training. Later he devoted himself to social service as well. He was very much influenced by the teachings of Shah Waliullah as a strong follower of his son Shah Abdul Aziz from whom he acquired religious knowledge.
TEHREEK-E-MUJAHIDEEN (The Struggle of Freedom Fighters): Syed Ahmed Shaheed is well known in the history of the sub-continent for preaching Islam. He was much concerned about the downfall of Muslims. He and his companions dreamed of the establishment of the Islamic state in the sub-continent. He started a strong movement against polytheism and emphasized the unicity of Allah (tauheed).
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF TEHREEK-E-MUJAHIDEEN:
1. To Preach Islamic Teachings: To preach the unicity of Allah and Islamic teachings was his main objective.
2. Revival of Islamic Teachings: To revive the teachings of Islam, he wanted to revive Islamic teachings in their true shape.
3. Establishment Of An Islamic Society In Sub-Continent: To establish a state in accordance with Islamic principles, he wanted to establish an Islamic state in the sub-continent according to the pattern of the state of Madina set up by the Holy Prophet (S.AW.W)
4. To Protect the Muslims from Non-Islamic Way of Life: To protect Muslims against such acts and ideas that were contrary to Islamic values. He wanted to protect the Muslims from non-Islamic ways of life.
5. To Preach Jihad: To preach Jihad because it was not possible to get freedom from evil forces without armed struggle.
6. To End The Rule Of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh: They wanted to vanish the government of
Maharaja Ranjeet Singh because he was a great enemy of Muslims.
7. Jihad against Sikhs: Syed Ahmed wanted to eliminate the domination of Sikhs in the Punjab &N.W.F.P to revive Islamic values. He started jihad in Punjab &N.W.F.P. Shah Ismail Shaheed along with six thousand followers also joined Syed Ahmed in this jihad. He came to Sindh in 1826 &sought the help of Syed Sibghatullah Shah (Pir Pagara) who sent a strong contingent of his staunch followers called "Hurs".
8. First Battle Near Akora: The first battle against the Sikhs was fought on December 1826 near
Akora. In this battle, the Sikhs were defeated.
9. Second Battle AtHazro: The second battle was fought at Hazro. It was won by the Muslims. These victories inspired a number of Pathan tribes to join the jihad movement. The number of mujahideen rose to 80,000. Syed Ahmed was given the status of "Ameer-ul-Momineen".
10. Conspiracies Against Syed Ahmed: Jihad movement was initially very successful but soon conspiracies began against Syed Ahmed. A few leaders tried to imprison and kill him. Maharaja Ranjeet Singh bribed Sardar Yar Muhammad and his brother Sultan Muhammad Khan to plot the khilafat of Syed Ahmed Shaheed.
11. Battle At Balakot: At Balakot, a tough fight started between Mujahideen and the Sikhs. Muslims fought with heroism but Syed Ahmed and his followers were martyred on 6th May 1831. Out of thousands of Mujahideen, only 300 Mujahideen survived.
RESULT OF TEHREEK-E-MUJAHIDEEN: The death of Syed Ahmed Shaheed and his companions brought an end to the khilafat of Syed Ahmed Shaheed and Shah Ismail Shaheed will always be remembered for their heroic struggle for the revival of an Islamic society.
Q5. Describe the achievements of the Aligarh movement.
Ans. INTRODUCTION: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born on 17th October 1817. He was a pious man. He got his early education at home and got a command of different languages. In 1838, he got service in the East India Company.
In 1842, he completed his Bar-at-Law and started his practice in Delhi. To regard his efforts the British government has given him the title of "Sir".
ALIGARH MOVEMENT: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started an awakening movement for the Muslims of the sub-continent known as the Aligarh movement. After the war of independence in 1857, Muslims of the sub-continent became victims of the atrocities of the British. Muslims were denied their religious, political, economic, social and educational rights. This left the Muslims in fear and despair. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan realized that it is time for Muslims to accept all the ground realities and plan for future progress.
OBJECTIVES OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT: These are the main objectives of Aligarh Movement:
1. General Awareness
2. Establishing goodwill with British
3. Motivation for modern knowledge
4. Non Confrontal politics
1. General Awareness: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan stressed to the Muslims that their golden era has passed and now they were ruled by the British they should accept this reality. Instead of living in past they should look at their present and plan for future
2. Establishing Goodwill With the British: Sir Syed emphasized the need for maintaining friendly relations with the British to earn their goodwill. He tried to convince the British that the Muslims alone were not responsible for the war of 1857. To clear the doubts from the minds of the British he wrote a pamphlet "The causes of Indian Revolt". In it, he pointed out some reasons for the war of 1857.
3. Motivation For Modern Knowledge: Sir Syed stressed upon the Muslims of the sub-continent to show interest in learning the English language to benefit from the scientific knowledge because without it they will remain backward and unable to compete with Non-Muslims.
4. Non-Confrontal Politics: Sir Syed advised the Muslims to keep themselves away from politics till the time they established pleasant relations with the British government. He wanted that Muslims should be concentrated on receiving education and avoid political wrangling.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE ALIGARH MOVEMENT:
1. EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS:
(1). Establishment of Scientific Society: In 1862, he set up a scientific society at Ghazipur. The objective of this society was to translate the standard works of modern knowledge into Urdu. This helped in the development of Urdu. Sir Syed motivated the younger generation of Muslims to learn English.
(ii). Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College: In 1875, Sir Syed established a school in Aligarh on the model of Cambridge University (England) which was later on raised to the level of the college named "Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College"(M. A. O College)
(iii). Aligarh Muslim University: In 1922, M.A.O College was raised to the level of the university called "Aligarh University". This university gave educated leadership and companions for the struggle of Pakistan.
2. SOCIAL ACHIEVEMENTS:
(1). Causes of Indian Revolt: By writing the causes of Indian Revolt and "Loyal Muhammadans of India" an effort was made to create goodwill between the Muslims and the British government. Thus difficulties of the Muslims were minimized.
(ii). Decrease In Unemployment: The ban on the employment of Muslims was relaxed.
(iii). Restoration Of Properties: Properties of the Muslims, confiscated after the war of independence, were restored to them.
(iv). Positive Thinking: This movement established positive thinking in the Muslims of sub-continent
and Muslims were included in the number of programs for development.
RESULT OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT: Aligarh movement became instrumental in the awakening of the Muslims in the sub-continent. A number of prominent personalities like Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk, Maulana Shibli Naumani, Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali and Maulana Chiragh Hassan played an important role in the success of the Aligarh movement.
The Aligarh movement became the source of strength for the Muslims of the sub-continent. It also provided the foundation for the "Two Nation Theory".
On 27th December 1886, Sir Syed Ahmed khan established the "Muhammadan Educational Conference". It provided a strong platform for the Muslims of India. In 1906, the annual session of this conference was held at Dhaka, it was decided to set up a political party "All India Muslim League".
Q6. Describe the role of the Muslim League in the struggle for Pakistan.
Ans. ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE: In 1905, after the partition of Bengal, the problems of Muslims were increased, therefore in the annual meeting of the Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dhaka in 1906. Muslim leaders thoroughly discussed the problems of Muslims and decided to set up a political party to protect and safeguard the rights of the Muslims of the sub-continent.
Nawab Saleem Ullah Khan of Dhaka convinced a meeting of Muslim leaders on 30th December 1906. The meeting was presided over by Vaqar-ul-Mulk. NawabSaleemullah proposed and tabled a resolution for the formation of a political party for Indian Muslims. Hakeem Ajmal Khan and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan supported the resolution and "The Muslim League" was formed.
Aligarh was made its headquarters "Sir Agha Khan" and "Syed Ali Hassan Bilgrami" were elected as president and secretary general of "The All India Muslim League".
OBJECTIVES OF MUSLIM LEAGUE:
(i). To Establish Good Relations: The basic aims of the Muslim League were to establish good friendly relations between the British Government and the Muslim and to remove misunderstandings from the minds of the British against the Muslims.
(ii). To Coordinate with Other Nations: Another objective of the Muslim League was to coordinate with other nations and political parties in the sub-continent for the common welfare.
(iii). To Protect the Rights Of Muslims: One objective of the Muslim League was to protect the rights of Muslims by seeking the cooperation of the government and other political parties.
ROLE OF MUSLIM LEAGUE: Muslim League became a platform for the Muslims of South Asia to struggle for their rights and attains freedom from the British. Muslim League played a vital role in the establishment of Pakistan.
(i). Protection of Rights: It took steps to safeguard the rights of the Muslims of the sub-continent and to appraise the government for their problems and demands. Muslim League adopted a balanced attitude to join hands with Hindus and struggled to improve the relations between the Muslims and the British government.
(ii). Political Settlement with Congress: In December 1916, a political settlement between Muslim League and Congress was signed named as "Lucknow Pact". According to this Pact, Congress accepted the independent and separate status of Muslims and recognized the separate electorate for Indian Muslims.
(iii). Number of Muslims: The number of Muslims in the central legislative assembly was agreed to be one-third.
(iv). Seats: In the two large Muslim provinces of Bengal and Punjab, the strength of Muslims in the legislature was established.
(V) Proportionate Representation: In the provinces where Muslims were in a minority, their representation in the proportion to their population was doubled.
Q7. Discuss the role of provinces in the struggle of Pakistan.
Arts INTRODUCTION: Pakistan came into being on 14th august, 1947 after the hard and long struggle of the Muslims of South Asia. All the provinces of United India where Muslims were living, played a great role in the creation of Pakistan, but the role played by Sindh, Punjab, N.W.F.P and Baluchistan is significant. Here we are discussing the main features of the role of provinces in the struggle of Pakistan.
ROLE OF PROVINCES IN THE STRUGGLE OF PAKISTAN:
PUNJAB: Punjab was the biggest Muslim-majority province of United India. The people of Punjab had a great love for the Muslim League and Quaid-e-Azam, Pakistan resolution, which was a milestone in the struggle of Pakistan, was passed in the capital of Punjab, Lahore on 23 March 1940.
(1) Role Of Political Leaders: Many Muslim leaders of Punjab worked very hard in the struggle of Pakistan.
(ii). Allama Iqbal: He is the national poet of Pakistan. He was a great Muslim leader and the right hand of Quaid-e-Azam belonged to Punjab. Through his poetry, he created awareness among the Muslims of South Asia and he also presented the idea of a separate homeland for the Muslims of United India in 1930 at Allahabad.
(iii). Chaudhry Rehmat Ali: He was also a great leader of Muslim leaders who belonged to Punjab. He established the Muslims League in England and gave the name to Pakistan which was first used in a pamphlet called "Now or never".
(iv). Maulana Zafar Ali Khan: He was a well-known poet, journalist and founder member of the Muslim League also belonged to Punjab. He wrote poetry to promote the idea of a separate homeland and published a newspaper called "Zamindar" to promote Muslim League and its activities.
(v). Other Political Leaders Of Punjab: Other prominent leaders were Nawab Iftikhar Hussain, Mumtaz Ahmed Daultana, MianAmiruddin, Raja Ghanzanfar Ali Khan and others.
(vi). Role of Women: Women of Punjab were very active and brave. They worked side by side with the men to convey the message of the separate homeland. They also raised funds for Muslim League and arranged meetings for Muslim League. A brave lady (SughraAftab) removed the British flag from the Punjab Secretariat and in its place installed the flag of the Muslim League. Other women's work includes Begum Jahan Ara Shahnawaz and Begum Waqar-un-Nisa Noon.
(vii). Role of Ulamas and Scholars: Ulamas and scholars of Punjab in the rural areas convey the ideas of a separate homeland.
(viii). Role of students: Students of Punjab University and Islamia College Lahore worked side by side with the political leaders and women in the struggle of Pakistan. They established the Punjab Muslim student’s federation for their struggle.
SINDH: Islam was first introduced through Sindh that's why it is called the "Gateway of Islam". Sindh had the longest association with Muslim League. Sindh assembly was the first assembly which passed the resolution in the favour of a separate homeland. The first meeting of the Muslim League was held in Karachi in 1907.
i). Role of Political Leaders: Like Punjab, the political leaders of Sindh also played role in the creation of a separate homeland for Muslims. They conveyed the message of a separate homeland to the common man.
(ii). Quaid-e-Azam: He is the founder of Pakistan. He belonged to Sindh. He led the whole Pakistan movement to create a separate homeland for Muslims of South Asia. He was an honest, dedicated and determined leader of Muslims of South Asia. He also became the first Governor General of Pakistan.
(iii). Liaquat Ali Khan: The first Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr Liaquat Ali Khan did not belong to Sindh but he worked for Muslim League along with Quaid-e-Azam in Karachi. He worked very hard to organize Muslim League. He remained long with Quaid-e-Azam during the whole Pakistan movement to guide the Muslims of South Asia.
(iv). Other Political Leaders Of Sindh: Other political leaders who worked in the Pakistan movement were Abdullah Haroon, Abdul Majeed Sindhi, Qazi Fazal Ullah and other Muslim leaders.
(v). Role of Women: Women of Sindh were very active in the movement of Pakistan. They arranged meetings for men and conveyed the message of the Muslim League to the women of Sindh. Regarding the Sindh movement the role of Bi-Amman, Miss Fatima Jinnah, Begum Rana Liaquat Ali Khan. Begum Shaista Ikram Ullah, Lady Nusrat Haroon and others are unforgettable.
(vi). Role Of Religious Leaders: The Ulmas, scholars and the religious leaders of Sindh helped Quaid-e-Azam and Muslim League to convey the message of a separate homeland to the common man of Sindh especially the people of rural areas. The services of Pir Pagara and his "Hur" forces are remarkable. Sarhandi family of Hyderabad also worked in the struggle of Pakistan.
(vii). Role of Students: The students of Sindh Madrassatul Islam Karachi and Noor Muhammad High School Hyderabad were on the front line in the struggle of Pakistan. They helped political leaders and women in their struggle in Pakistan.
ROLE OF N.W.F.P IN THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN: The people of N.W.F.P (K.P.K) are very brave and religious. During the Pakistan movement Muslim League was not recognized in N.W.F.P (K.P.K) but here people were very active in politics. An anti-Pakistan movement in the favour of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Dr Khan Sahib was started. Due to the great efforts of Sardar Aurangzeb Khan, Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, Justice Sajjad Ahmed Jan and Khan Bahadur Asadullah Khan. Muslim League emerged as a party of Muslims of N.W.F.P (K.P.K) in 1947. A referendum congress was held in the province to decide the fate of the province. In this referendum, congress was defeated and N.W.F.P (K.P.K) joined Pakistan on 14th August 1947. All political leaders and women took an active part in the Pakistan movement in N.W.F.P. (K.P.K) Students of Edward College and Islamia College was very active in the struggle of Pakistan.
BALOCHISTAN: Before the creation of Pakistan Baluchistan was a Muslim-majority area. But there was a very strong tribal chiefs system. Qazi Muhammad Issa who was a close companion of Quaid-e-Azam organized Muslim League in Balochistan and soon it got great popularity among the people who were brave and religious. The British government decided that all the "Sardars" will decide in the meeting called "Darbar" to join India or Khan Jamali and others worked for the Muslim League and conveyed the message of a separate homeland to the common man.
Q8. What are the responsibilities of a citizen of an ideological state?
Ans. IDEOLOGICAL STATE: The philosophy behind the struggle for Pakistan was to lay down the foundation of an Islamic state where Muslims should lead their lives in accordance with the principles of Islam. From this perspective, Pakistan's idea of a state was an ideological one. An ideological state demands harmony and integrity.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS: The ideological state demanded from the people the following responsibilities:
(1). Islamic Teachings: It is the responsibility of citizens that they should try to lead their lives in accordance with the teachings of Islam, which is the basis of the country. This requires the enforcement of laws and regulations according to Islamic Sharia.
(ii). Democratic Setup: They should struggle for providing a democratic setup founded on the principles of Islam. The democratic tradition of freedom for all reverence and equality is the only way suitable for living a life.
(iii). Loyalty: Every citizen of an ideological state should be loyal and patriotic, ready to sacrifice for the state at the time of the test. Personal interest should not precede the interests of the state.
(iv). Honest Livelihood/Lawful Learning: The citizens should earn their livelihood through honest means and should never indulge in fraud or deceit.
(v). Education/Civilized Behaviour: Their behaviour should be the behaviour of an educated and civilized individual. It would be necessary for them to educate themselves because education is the best way to progress and character building.
(vi). Respect of Law: They should honour the laws of the state and cooperate with the law-enforcing agencies. They should never be violent and refrain from breaking the law.
(vii). Struggle for National Integrity: They should participate in activities which promote national integrity, honour and progress. They should help the state against the activities of anti-social elements.
(viii). Hard Work: They should be hard working and should contribute to the welfare of society.
(ix). Sense Of Duty: They should be diligent in their duties and should fulfil their obligations regularly, honestly and properly.
(x). Fraternal Bond: They should be ready to help others and promote Muslim brotherhood and the glory of mankind.
Q9. Highlight the main points which make the character of Quaid-e-Azam a model for others.
Ans. CHARACTER OF QUAID-E-AZAM: Quaid-e-Azam was a real political leader. He combined in his personality a number of qualities. Quaid-e-Azam's personal character, selfless qualities of dedication, sacrifice and love for Pakistan set him as a model for others.
(i). Man Of Principle: He was a man of principle and acted upon whatever he said or promised to do.
(ii). Intelligent Political Leader: He was an intelligent political leader and combined the traits such as manship, courage, a sense of responsibility, integrity, forwardness and dedication to his cause.
(iii). Honest And Courageous Person: He was an honest and courageous person. Whatever he considered was in the interest of the Muslims of the sub-continent.
(iv). Pleasing Personality: He possessed a pleasing personality combined with polished manners. His presence at the gathering was an attraction for others.
(v). Strong Character: He possessed a strong character and never compromised on principles, especially on the cause of Muslims and Pakistan.
(vi). Untiring Spirit: He was a resolute man of untiring spirit. He never showed confusing thoughts.
(vii). Devotion: He devoted his life to Pakistan. It was his vision, courage, selfless service and dedication that he overcame the huge problems of Pakistan soon after it appeared on the map of the world.
(viii). Great Supporter Of the Young Generation: He was a great supporter and admirer of the young generation of students and considers them as the future arsenal of Islam and Pakistan.
Q10. Describe the role of Quaid-e-Azam as a Governor General of Pakistan. OR Problems faced by the newly born state of Pakistan.
Ans. QUAID-E-AZAM'S ROLE AS GOVERNOR GENERAL: Pakistan came into being on 14"August 1947 and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the first Governor General of Pakistan. After the establishment of Pakistan, this newly born state had to face a lot of problems, for example, settlement of the refugees, distribution of assets, canal water dispute, Kashmir problem etc. Quaid-e-Azam bravely faced all these problems being the Governor General and under his dynamic patronage (guidance) Pakistan tried to overcome all these problems.
The role of Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General was as follows.
(i). National Integrity: Pakistan required national integrity and close cooperation among the people of the new country. Quaid-e-Azam created a national spirit and sense of patriotism among the people through his dedication, hard work and love for Pakistan.
(ii). Settlement Of Refugees: About 6.5 million Muslims were rendered homeless in India and compelled to migrate to Pakistan to find refugees. Their settlement was a gigantic task. Quaid-e- Azam paid immediate attention towards it and set up a relief fund for them. He personally visited Lahore in October 1947 to look into the problems of refugees and made arrangements for their residence and food.
(iii). Change In The Attitude Of Government Officers: Quaid-e-Azam addressed the government servants on March 25th 1948 and advised them to perform their duties like Public servants with honesty and above any affiliation to any political party or group. The advice of Quaid-e-Azam infused a national spirit.
(iv). Negation of Provincial and Racial Discrimination: Quaid-e-Azam advised the people to feel pride in calling themselves Pakistani and refrain from any kind of racial discrimination and regional prejudice.
(v). Determination of Guiding Principles of Pakistan's Economy: While inauguration the State Bank on July 01, 1948, Quaid-e-Azam said that the western economic system was not suitable for Pakistan and will not bring prosperity to the people of this country.
(vi). Foreign Policy: After the independence, Quaid-e-Azam concentrated his effort to make Pakistan a member of the United Nations (U.N).
The focal point of Pakistan's foreign policy was to maintain friendly relations with all countries, especially with close neighbours and Muslim countries.
(vii). Advice to the Students: Quaid-e-Azam held the view that the youth of Pakistan is its future asset. He advised the students to pay due attention to their education and refrain from politics.
(viii). Dedication: At the time of the emergence of Pakistan in 1947, Quaid-e-Azam was sick and had become quite exhausted, but he continued working day and night to solve the problems. All his efforts were concentrated on the stability of Pakistan till his last breath. That is why he is called
"The Father of Nation".
Q11. Write down the fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam.
Ans. Responding to the partiality oriented and full of Muslim enmity points of Nehru Report 1921, Quaid- e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah presented his famous fourteen points in the session of the All India Muslim League held in Delhi.
FOURTEEN POINTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM: Following are the famous fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
1. Federal Form Of Government: The constitution of the country should be federal in nature.
2. Uniform Power: All provinces should be given equal rights.
3. Effective Representation Of The Minorities: All the legislative and administrative bodies of the country in every province should without altering the majority into a minority be recognized on the basis of the principle of effective representation. Moreover, not only the provincial minority should be converted into the majority but it should also not be brought to par.
4. One-Third Muslim Representation: The Muslim representation in central legislation should not be less than one-third in any case.
5. Separate Electorate: The minority as it is in the present situation should be elected through a separate electorate provided all the minorities are given the option to opt general electorate when they like.
6. No Territorial Redistribution: If the territorial division becomes indispensable it should not be as such that the Muslim majority is turned into a minority, especially in Punjab, Bengal and North-West Frontier.
7. Full Religion Freedom: All minorities should have the freedom of religion, beliefs, worship, propaganda, association forming and education.
8. 3/4 Approval For Any Bill: No bill or part of the bill or proposal should be passed in any legislative or electoral body which is opposed by three fourth of any community or minority.
9. Separation Of Sindh: Sindh should be separated from the Bombay residency.
10. Reforms N.W.F.P And Baluchistan: The reforms like other provinces should also be implemented in Frontier province and Baluchistan.
11. Representation In Government Services: It should be provided in the constitution of India that
the Indians should also be provided with services in government and semi-government bodies in proportion to their number.
12. Safeguard Of Muslim Culture: Apart from the provision of just protection to the Muslim religion, culture, personal law, Islamic education language and Muslim charitable institutions, Muslims should also be given a share in the government grants and aids.
13. 1/3 Of Muslim Ministers: No provincial and central cabinet should be formed so long as one-third proportional is not given to the Muslim Ministries.
14. Construction Of the Indian Federation: The approval of all the units of the federal government should be made necessary for the amendments in the constitution of the country.
Q12. Write a note on Pakistan Resolution.
Ans. Preamble: Pakistan's resolution was the turning point in the history of Pakistan. It provides a way for the Muslims, leading to the destination of complete independence.
The attitude of Hindus: Hindus clearly stated that they were not tolerating another community in India by saying
"India belongs to the Hindus and if Muslims wish to live in India, they should Hinduism".
The Hindus tried to destroy Muslim identity by introducing Hindi as a medium of education
Congress Operation: The congress neglected the Muslims in every field and supported the Hindus, It did not recognise Muslims as a considerable party in India. In his address, Nehru stated:
"There are only two parties in the country, the Congress and the British".
According to Quaid- Azam:
"The sole aim and object of the congress are to annihilate every other organization in the country".
Partition Proposals: By 1937, the political conditions of the Sub-Continent compelled the Muslim political leaders to seriously consider the partition of India. The idea of Indian partition was not a new one, a number of partition proposals had been forwarded previously by many Muslim leaders like Syed Ahmed Shaheed, Muhammad Abdul Qadir, Allama Iqbal, Syed Jamal Uddin Afghani, Abdul Halim Sharar etc.
Proposal Given by Allama Iqbal: The most reasonable proposal was given by Allama Iqbal. The Poet, philosopher, while delivering his presidential address at the annual session of the Muslim League at Allahabad in December 1930 said: "India is a continent of Human Beings belonging to different languages, having a different religion, therefore, I demand the formation of separate Muslim State for the Muslims of India".
Chaudry Rehmat Ali's Scheme: Chaudry Rehmat Ali proposed his scheme of partition of India He declared: "North of India is Muslim and we shall keep it Muslim. Not only that, we will make it a Muslim state". He coined the word "Pakistan" in which 'P stands for Punjab. A stands for Afghanistan, (N.W.F.P) 'K' for Kashmir, 'S' for Sindh and 'tan' stands for Balochistan. The word Pakistan means "The land of the Pure".
The Pakistan Resolution: In 1940, the annual session of the Muslim League was held at Lahore in Minto Park (Iqbal Park). Under the chairmanship of Quaid-e-Azam and a resolution was passed on 23rd march, 1940. The resolution was a move by Bengal chief minister Moulvi Fazlul Haq and was seconded by Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman. It stated that "No constitution plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principles, viz, that geographically contiguous units are democratized into regions which should be so constituted, with such territorial adjustment as may necessary, that the areas in which Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India, should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities for the protection of their religion, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights".
Presidential address of Quaid-e-Azam: The Quaid-e-Azam delivered a historic address at this moment highlighting the distinct national character of the Muslims of India. He said: "Musalmans are not a minority as is commonly known and understood. One has only got to look around even today. According to the British map of India, out of 11 provinces, 4 provinces where the Muslims dominate more or less are functioning notwithstanding the decision of the congress High Command to non-cooperate and prepare for civil disobedience. Musalmans are a nation according to any definition of a nation and they must have their homelands, their territory and their state, we wish to live in peace and harmony with our neighbours as a free and independent people. We wish our people to develop to the fullest our spiritual, cultural, economic, social and political life in a way that we think best and in consonance with our own ideals and according to the genius of our people".
Muslim's acceptance and Hindus rejection of the resolution: the resolution was unanimously accepted by the Muslims who had assembled the meeting plan in large numbers. The Hindu readers and newspaper raise a hue and cry after the Resolution. They refused it and referred to the partition as the "Vivisection of Motherland". Gandhi said: "Dividing India was like dividing a cow”
Quaid-e-Azam warned the Hindus that: "If the Hindus tried to get the whole of India they would lose the whole, but if they gave one-third to the Muslims they would get two-thirds".
Importance of Pakistan resolution: The Pakistan Resolution is a landmark in the history of the Muslims of India. This famous Resolution resulted in the creation of Pakistan. The acceptance of the Pakistan Resolution strengthened the Two Nation Theory which was the basis of the Muslim struggle for Independence.
Conclusion: Pakistan Resolution was a demand for the protection and safeguarding of the national identity of the Muslims. With the passage of the Pakistan Resolution, the Muslims began to acquire new hope and confidence in their destiny. The resolution infused high spirits among the Muslims who were now determined to fight to the last minute for the accomplishment of Pakistan.
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